{"id":6261,"date":"2025-10-09T03:39:46","date_gmt":"2025-10-09T08:39:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/?p=6261"},"modified":"2025-10-09T08:58:07","modified_gmt":"2025-10-09T13:58:07","slug":"pseudolithos-migiurtinus-attracts-flies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/pseudolithos-migiurtinus-attracts-flies\/","title":{"rendered":"Pseudolithos migiurtinus Attracts Flies"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"14\">Introduction<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"15\" data-end=\"321\"><em data-start=\"15\" data-end=\"41\">Pseudolithos migiurtinus<\/em> is <strong data-start=\"45\" data-end=\"80\">endemic to northeastern Somalia<\/strong> (the old Migiurtinia region, including localities around Eyl). It grows on open, stony grit in full sun under <strong data-start=\"191\" data-end=\"216\">desert to semi-desert<\/strong> conditions\u2014genuinely arid terrain rather than merely \u201cslightly arid\u201d\u2014within desert\/dry-shrubland biomes.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"323\" data-end=\"566\">Bottom line: this is a <strong data-start=\"346\" data-end=\"374\">true arid-land stapeliad<\/strong> that lures small flies with carrion-mimicking cues from tiny, dark, urn-shaped flowers; actual pollen transfer is done by <strong data-start=\"497\" data-end=\"543\">minute midges and other saprophilous flies<\/strong> attracted by the ruse.<\/p>\n<h1 data-start=\"568\" data-end=\"581\">The Details<\/h1>\n<h4 data-start=\"583\" data-end=\"613\">How it attracts pollinators<\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"614\" data-end=\"947\">Like most stapeliads, <em data-start=\"636\" data-end=\"652\">P. migiurtinus<\/em> uses <strong data-start=\"658\" data-end=\"676\">sapromyiophily<\/strong>\u2014mimicry of carrion\/dung. The small, dark maroon to reddish flowers are urn-shaped with a narrow mouth and tufted lobe tips. A faint foul odor plus the color\/texture guides flies to probe the flower throat and across the corona, where pollinia are picked up or deposited.<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"949\" data-end=\"990\">Pollinators (what visits\/does the job)<\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"991\" data-end=\"1268\">Direct observations in the genus point to <strong data-start=\"1033\" data-end=\"1062\">very small flies (midges)<\/strong> as effective pollinators. More broadly in stapeliads, <strong data-start=\"1117\" data-end=\"1141\">saprophilous Diptera<\/strong>\u2014blow flies, house flies, flesh flies\u2014regularly visit and likely contribute to pollination of <em data-start=\"1235\" data-end=\"1251\">P. migiurtinus<\/em> where it occurs.<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1270\" data-end=\"1298\">What the plant looks like<\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1299\" data-end=\"1704\">A <strong data-start=\"1301\" data-end=\"1335\">leafless, stone-like succulent<\/strong>, usually a single globose to short-cylindrical stem with a tessellated (\u201ccobbled\u201d) surface, typically <strong data-start=\"1438\" data-end=\"1475\">4\u201312 cm tall and ~2\u20136.5 cm across<\/strong>, colored green to ochre or reddish-brown depending on light stress. Flowers arise in small clusters; the tube is paler, the lobes deep red to maroon with short hairs. Fruits are the characteristic stapeliad <strong data-start=\"1683\" data-end=\"1703\">paired follicles<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1299\" data-end=\"1704\">Additional Reading: <a href=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Stapelia.pdf\">Stapelia<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized\" data-original-width=\"640\" data-carousel-extra='null' itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageGallery\" > <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 640px; height: 576px;\" data-original-width=\"640\" data-original-height=\"576\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-3\" style=\"width: 238px; height: 576px;\" data-original-width=\"238\" data-original-height=\"576\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/pseudolithos-migiurtinus-attracts-flies\/pseudolithos-migiurtinus-abu-shawka\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"234\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"220\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"6267\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-migiurtinus-Abu-Shawka.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1916,1799\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-title=\"Pseudolithos migiurtinus, Abu Shawka\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Pseudolithos migiurtinus, Abu Shawka&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-migiurtinus-Abu-Shawka-400x400.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-migiurtinus-Abu-Shawka-500x469.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-migiurtinus-Abu-Shawka.jpg?w=234&#038;h=220&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-migiurtinus-Abu-Shawka.jpg 1916w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-migiurtinus-Abu-Shawka-500x469.jpg 500w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-migiurtinus-Abu-Shawka-768x721.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-migiurtinus-Abu-Shawka-1536x1442.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-migiurtinus-Abu-Shawka-1870x1756.jpg 1870w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-migiurtinus-Abu-Shawka-400x376.jpg 400w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-migiurtinus-Abu-Shawka-800x751.jpg 800w\" width=\"234\" height=\"220\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"234\" data-original-height=\"220\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Pseudolithos migiurtinus, Abu Shawka\" alt=\"Pseudolithos migiurtinus, Abu Shawka\" style=\"width: 234px; height: 220px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Pseudolithos migiurtinus, Abu Shawka <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/pseudolithos-migiurtinus-attracts-flies\/pseudolithos-mccoyi-karlos69\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"234\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"156\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"6271\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-mccoyi-Karlos69.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1446,964\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-title=\"Pseudolithos mccoyi, Karlos69\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Pseudolithos mccoyi, Karlos69&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-mccoyi-Karlos69-400x400.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-mccoyi-Karlos69-500x333.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-mccoyi-Karlos69.jpg?w=234&#038;h=156&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-mccoyi-Karlos69.jpg 1446w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-mccoyi-Karlos69-500x333.jpg 500w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-mccoyi-Karlos69-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-mccoyi-Karlos69-400x267.jpg 400w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-mccoyi-Karlos69-800x533.jpg 800w\" width=\"234\" height=\"156\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"234\" data-original-height=\"156\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Pseudolithos mccoyi, Karlos69\" alt=\"Pseudolithos mccoyi, Karlos69\" style=\"width: 234px; height: 156px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Pseudolithos mccoyi, Karlos69 <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/pseudolithos-migiurtinus-attracts-flies\/pseudolithos-dodsonianus-in-flower-michael-wolf-penig\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"234\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"188\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"6270\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-dodsonianus-in-flower-Michael-Wolf-Penig.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1372,1098\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-title=\"Pseudolithos dodsonianus in flower, Michael Wolf-Penig\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Pseudolithos dodsonianus in flower, Michael Wolf-Penig&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-dodsonianus-in-flower-Michael-Wolf-Penig-400x400.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-dodsonianus-in-flower-Michael-Wolf-Penig-500x400.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-dodsonianus-in-flower-Michael-Wolf-Penig.jpg?w=234&#038;h=188&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-dodsonianus-in-flower-Michael-Wolf-Penig.jpg 1372w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-dodsonianus-in-flower-Michael-Wolf-Penig-500x400.jpg 500w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-dodsonianus-in-flower-Michael-Wolf-Penig-768x615.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-dodsonianus-in-flower-Michael-Wolf-Penig-400x320.jpg 400w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-dodsonianus-in-flower-Michael-Wolf-Penig-800x640.jpg 800w\" width=\"234\" height=\"188\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"234\" data-original-height=\"188\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Pseudolithos dodsonianus in flower, Michael Wolf-Penig\" alt=\"Pseudolithos dodsonianus in flower, Michael Wolf-Penig\" style=\"width: 234px; height: 188px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Pseudolithos dodsonianus in flower, Michael Wolf-Penig <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 402px; height: 576px;\" data-original-width=\"402\" data-original-height=\"576\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/pseudolithos-migiurtinus-attracts-flies\/pseudolithos-caput-viperae-lavranos\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"398\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"572\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"6269\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-caput-viperae-Lavranos.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1392,2000\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-title=\"Pseudolithos caput-viperae, Lavranos\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Pseudolithos caput-viperae, Lavranos&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-caput-viperae-Lavranos-400x400.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-caput-viperae-Lavranos-418x600.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-caput-viperae-Lavranos.jpg?w=398&#038;h=572&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-caput-viperae-Lavranos.jpg 1392w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-caput-viperae-Lavranos-418x600.jpg 418w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-caput-viperae-Lavranos-768x1103.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-caput-viperae-Lavranos-1069x1536.jpg 1069w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-caput-viperae-Lavranos-400x575.jpg 400w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-caput-viperae-Lavranos-800x1149.jpg 800w\" width=\"398\" height=\"572\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"398\" data-original-height=\"572\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Pseudolithos caput-viperae, Lavranos\" alt=\"Pseudolithos caput-viperae, Lavranos\" style=\"width: 398px; height: 572px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Pseudolithos caput-viperae, Lavranos <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 640px; height: 657px;\" data-original-width=\"640\" data-original-height=\"657\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 640px; height: 657px;\" data-original-width=\"640\" data-original-height=\"657\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/pseudolithos-migiurtinus-attracts-flies\/stapeliad-with-pollinator-fly\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"636\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"653\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"6268\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Stapeliad-with-Pollinator-Fly.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"997,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-title=\"Stapeliad with Pollinator Fly\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Stapeliad with Pollinator Fly&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Stapeliad-with-Pollinator-Fly-400x400.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Stapeliad-with-Pollinator-Fly-500x514.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Stapeliad-with-Pollinator-Fly.jpg?w=636&#038;h=653&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Stapeliad-with-Pollinator-Fly.jpg 997w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Stapeliad-with-Pollinator-Fly-500x514.jpg 500w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Stapeliad-with-Pollinator-Fly-768x789.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Stapeliad-with-Pollinator-Fly-400x411.jpg 400w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Stapeliad-with-Pollinator-Fly-800x822.jpg 800w\" width=\"636\" height=\"653\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"636\" data-original-height=\"653\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Stapeliad with Pollinator Fly\" alt=\"Stapeliad with Pollinator Fly\" style=\"width: 636px; height: 653px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Stapeliad with Pollinator Fly <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Pseudolithos migiurtinus is endemic to northeastern Somalia (the old Migiurtinia region, including localities around Eyl). It grows on open, stony grit in full sun under desert to semi-desert conditions\u2014genuinely arid terrain rather than merely \u201cslightly arid\u201d\u2014within desert\/dry-shrubland biomes. Bottom line: this is a true arid-land stapeliad that lures small flies with carrion-mimicking cues from tiny, dark, urn-shaped flowers; actual pollen transfer is done by minute midges and other saprophilous flies attracted by the ruse. The Details How it attracts pollinators Like most stapeliads, P. migiurtinus uses sapromyiophily\u2014mimicry of carrion\/dung.&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":6266,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[7,4],"tags":[29,5,21,22],"class_list":["post-6261","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-animals","category-succulents","tag-africa","tag-flowers","tag-other-succulent","tag-unusual"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pseudolithos-mccoyi-with-flower-Lavranos.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6261","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6261"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6261\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6272,"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6261\/revisions\/6272"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6266"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6261"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6261"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6261"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}