{"id":663,"date":"2025-11-22T22:16:21","date_gmt":"2025-11-23T04:16:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/?p=663"},"modified":"2025-10-08T18:55:53","modified_gmt":"2025-10-08T23:55:53","slug":"echinocereus-and-fire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/echinocereus-and-fire\/","title":{"rendered":"Echinocereus and Fire"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 data-start=\"153\" data-end=\"168\">Introduction<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"744\">Grass and brush fires occur regularly but sporadically in many western landscapes. They often clear vegetation from a site, exposing mineral soil and creating brief windows for seed germination and seedling establishment. In New Mexico\u2019s Guadalupe Mountains, a natural wildfire in 1992 burned through juniper savanna and desert grassland that supported two small, cylindrical <em data-start=\"546\" data-end=\"560\">Echinocereus<\/em>\u2014Kuenzler\u2019s hedgehog cactus (<em data-start=\"589\" data-end=\"602\">E. fendleri<\/em> var. <em data-start=\"608\" data-end=\"619\">kuenzleri<\/em>) and nylon hedgehog cactus (<em data-start=\"648\" data-end=\"665\">E. viridiflorus<\/em>). The event offered a chance to see how such cacti fare during and after fire.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"746\" data-end=\"761\">The Details<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"763\" data-end=\"1235\">A careful survey seven years later compared equal areas on both sides of the fire line. In the unburned habitat, both species persisted at much higher densities; in the burned habitat, only scattered plants were present. Most cacti found in the burn were small, relatively young individuals, indicating that they had established after the fire rather than surviving it. Immediate mortality in the blaze was therefore very high, and repopulation proceeded slowly from seed.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1237\" data-end=\"1800\">The site\u2014rocky limestone ridge top with open juniper savanna and desert grassland\u2014shows typical post-fire dynamics for this vegetation: woody shrubs and trees resprouted from protected crowns, and grasses regained cover, but the low, slow-growing cacti did not rebound quickly. For <em data-start=\"1519\" data-end=\"1533\">Echinocereus<\/em>, recruitment hinges on seed availability, favorable seasons, and safe microsites. The first flush of seedlings after a burn likely draws down the local soil seed bank; after that, recovery depends on many years of flowering, fruiting, and new seedling establishment.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1802\" data-end=\"2295\">Two points stand out. First, survival through the fire was rare for both species. Only a couple of plants in the burn area showed evidence of having been alive during the 1992 event, and those likely persisted where flames were less intense or fuel was sparse. Second, seven years proved insufficient for densities in the burned area to approach those next door in unburned habitat. Even with successful germination and growth, the pathway from seed to mature, seed-producing adult takes time.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2297\" data-end=\"2722\">Because recovery is slow, the pattern seen after fire also hints at why other acute disturbances\u2014such as heavy, localized collecting\u2014can depress populations for many years. When mature plants are removed or killed, the replacement of reproductive adults depends on sporadic seedling establishment and long maturation times. In practical terms, <em data-start=\"2641\" data-end=\"2655\">Echinocereus<\/em> populations can be set back for decades by a single, severe event.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2724\" data-end=\"3128\">Management implications follow. Avoid burning an entire local population in one prescribed fire, because some patches are too small to hold a robust seed bank for recolonization. Allow long intervals between fires, so post-fire recruits can mature, replenish the seed bank, and produce the next generation. Where possible, maintain adjacent unburned refugia that can supply seeds into the recovering habitat.<\/p>\n<p>Additional Reading:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/fire-echinocereus.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fire and Echinocereus<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized\" data-original-width=\"768\" data-carousel-extra='null' itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageGallery\" > <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 768px; height: 340px;\" data-original-width=\"768\" data-original-height=\"340\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 511px; height: 340px;\" data-original-width=\"511\" data-original-height=\"340\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/echinocereus-photo-survey\/echincereus-species-pitayah-gary-nored\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"507\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"336\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2917\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echincereus-species-pitayah-gary-nored.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1414,937\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;11&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Gary Nored&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 40D&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1335105434&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Creative commons; non commercial; attribution&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.008&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Echinocereus enneacanthus, Gary Nored\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Echinocereus enneacanthus, Gary Nored&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echincereus-species-pitayah-gary-nored-744x493.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echincereus-species-pitayah-gary-nored-1000x663.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echincereus-species-pitayah-gary-nored.jpg?w=507&#038;h=336&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echincereus-species-pitayah-gary-nored.jpg 1414w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echincereus-species-pitayah-gary-nored-420x278.jpg 420w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echincereus-species-pitayah-gary-nored-744x493.jpg 744w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echincereus-species-pitayah-gary-nored-768x509.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echincereus-species-pitayah-gary-nored-1000x663.jpg 1000w\" width=\"507\" height=\"336\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"507\" data-original-height=\"336\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Echinocereus enneacanthus, Gary Nored\" alt=\"Echinocereus enneacanthus, Gary Nored\" style=\"width: 507px; height: 336px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Echinocereus enneacanthus, Gary Nored <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-2\" style=\"width: 257px; height: 340px;\" data-original-width=\"257\" data-original-height=\"340\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/echinocereus-photo-survey\/echinocereus-triglochidiatus-paul-and-jill\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"253\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"168\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2912\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-triglochidiatus-paul-and-jill.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1011,671\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Echinocereus triglochidiatus, Paul and Jill\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Echinocereus triglochidiatus, Paul and Jill&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-triglochidiatus-paul-and-jill-744x494.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-triglochidiatus-paul-and-jill-1000x664.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-triglochidiatus-paul-and-jill.jpg?w=253&#038;h=168&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-triglochidiatus-paul-and-jill.jpg 1011w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-triglochidiatus-paul-and-jill-420x279.jpg 420w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-triglochidiatus-paul-and-jill-744x494.jpg 744w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-triglochidiatus-paul-and-jill-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-triglochidiatus-paul-and-jill-1000x664.jpg 1000w\" width=\"253\" height=\"168\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"253\" data-original-height=\"168\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Echinocereus triglochidiatus, Paul and Jill\" alt=\"Echinocereus triglochidiatus, Paul and Jill\" style=\"width: 253px; height: 168px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Echinocereus triglochidiatus, Paul and Jill <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/echinocereus-photo-survey\/echinocereus-pentalophus-jean-michel-moullec\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"253\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"164\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2913\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echinocereus-pentalophus-Jean-Michel-Moullec.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1011,658\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Echinocereus pentalophus, Jean-Michel Moullec\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Echinocereus pentalophus, Jean-Michel Moullec&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echinocereus-pentalophus-Jean-Michel-Moullec-744x484.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echinocereus-pentalophus-Jean-Michel-Moullec-1000x651.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echinocereus-pentalophus-Jean-Michel-Moullec.jpg?w=253&#038;h=164&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echinocereus-pentalophus-Jean-Michel-Moullec.jpg 1011w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echinocereus-pentalophus-Jean-Michel-Moullec-420x273.jpg 420w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echinocereus-pentalophus-Jean-Michel-Moullec-744x484.jpg 744w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echinocereus-pentalophus-Jean-Michel-Moullec-768x500.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/echinocereus-pentalophus-Jean-Michel-Moullec-1000x651.jpg 1000w\" width=\"253\" height=\"164\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"253\" data-original-height=\"164\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Echinocereus pentalophus, Jean-Michel Moullec\" alt=\"Echinocereus pentalophus, Jean-Michel Moullec\" style=\"width: 253px; height: 164px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Echinocereus pentalophus, Jean-Michel Moullec <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 768px; height: 132px;\" data-original-width=\"768\" data-original-height=\"132\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 196px; height: 132px;\" data-original-width=\"196\" data-original-height=\"132\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/echinocereus-coccineus\/echinocereus_coccineus_3\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"192\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"128\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2273\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Echinocereus_coccineus_3.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1200,800\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;10&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 50D&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1427529802&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;800&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.02&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Echinocereus coccineus\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Echinocereus coccineus&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Echinocereus_coccineus_3.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Echinocereus_coccineus_3.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Echinocereus_coccineus_3.jpg?w=192&#038;h=128&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"192\" height=\"128\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"192\" data-original-height=\"128\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Echinocereus coccineus\" alt=\"Echinocereus coccineus\" style=\"width: 192px; height: 128px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Echinocereus coccineus <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 179px; height: 132px;\" data-original-width=\"179\" data-original-height=\"132\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/echinocereus-photo-survey\/echinocereus-rigidissimus-ssp-rigidissimus-amantedar\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"175\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"128\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2911\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-rigidissimus-ssp.-rigidissimus-amantedar.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1200,881\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;FinePix S8100fd&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1294324731&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;9.8&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;64&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.003125&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Echinocereus rigidissimus ssp. rigidissimus, Amantedar\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Echinocereus rigidissimus ssp. rigidissimus, Amantedar&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-rigidissimus-ssp.-rigidissimus-amantedar-744x546.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-rigidissimus-ssp.-rigidissimus-amantedar-1000x734.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-rigidissimus-ssp.-rigidissimus-amantedar.jpg?w=175&#038;h=128&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-rigidissimus-ssp.-rigidissimus-amantedar.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-rigidissimus-ssp.-rigidissimus-amantedar-420x308.jpg 420w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-rigidissimus-ssp.-rigidissimus-amantedar-744x546.jpg 744w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-rigidissimus-ssp.-rigidissimus-amantedar-768x564.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Echinocereus-rigidissimus-ssp.-rigidissimus-amantedar-1000x734.jpg 1000w\" width=\"175\" height=\"128\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"175\" data-original-height=\"128\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Echinocereus rigidissimus ssp. rigidissimus, Amantedar\" alt=\"Echinocereus rigidissimus ssp. rigidissimus, Amantedar\" style=\"width: 175px; height: 128px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Echinocereus rigidissimus ssp. rigidissimus, Amantedar <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 197px; height: 132px;\" data-original-width=\"197\" data-original-height=\"132\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/echinocereus-engelmannii-2\/_mg_2488-cr2-echinocereus-engelmannii-var-variegatusb\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"193\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"128\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2327\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MG_2488.CR2-Echinocereus-engelmannii-var-variegatusb.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1011,673\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;9&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Picasa&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 7D&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1399557007&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.004&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Echinocereus engelmannii, var variegatus in flower\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Echinocereus engelmannii, var variegatus in flower&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MG_2488.CR2-Echinocereus-engelmannii-var-variegatusb-744x495.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MG_2488.CR2-Echinocereus-engelmannii-var-variegatusb-1000x666.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MG_2488.CR2-Echinocereus-engelmannii-var-variegatusb.jpg?w=193&#038;h=128&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MG_2488.CR2-Echinocereus-engelmannii-var-variegatusb.jpg 1011w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MG_2488.CR2-Echinocereus-engelmannii-var-variegatusb-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MG_2488.CR2-Echinocereus-engelmannii-var-variegatusb-744x495.jpg 744w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MG_2488.CR2-Echinocereus-engelmannii-var-variegatusb-1000x666.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MG_2488.CR2-Echinocereus-engelmannii-var-variegatusb-973x648.jpg 973w, https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MG_2488.CR2-Echinocereus-engelmannii-var-variegatusb-508x338.jpg 508w\" width=\"193\" height=\"128\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"193\" data-original-height=\"128\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Echinocereus engelmannii, var variegatus in flower\" alt=\"Echinocereus engelmannii, var variegatus in flower\" style=\"width: 193px; height: 128px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Echinocereus engelmannii, var variegatus in flower <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 196px; height: 132px;\" data-original-width=\"196\" data-original-height=\"132\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/echinocereus-engelmannii-2\/_mg_2581-cr2echinocereus-engelmannii-var-chrysocentrusb\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"192\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"128\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2328\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MG_2581.CR2Echinocereus-engelmannii-var-chrysocentrusb.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1011,673\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;7.1&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Picasa&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 7D&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1399635212&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.01&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Echinocereus engelmannii, light spines\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Echinocereus engelmannii, light spines&lt;\/p&gt; 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height: 128px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Echinocereus engelmannii, light spines <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Grass and brush fires occur regularly but sporadically in many western landscapes. They often clear vegetation from a site, exposing mineral soil and creating brief windows for seed germination and seedling establishment. In New Mexico\u2019s Guadalupe Mountains, a natural wildfire in 1992 burned through juniper savanna and desert grassland that supported two small, cylindrical [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":676,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[3],"tags":[26],"class_list":["post-663","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cacti","tag-biology"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/echinocereus-viridiflorus-2.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/663","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=663"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/663\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6725,"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/663\/revisions\/6725"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/676"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=663"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=663"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opuntiads.com\/oblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=663"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}